Two weeks ago, I posted the BDO estate organizer. In that post I emphasized the importance of writing your financial story and ensuring your financial information and wishes are documented.
Family Information (p.2)
The most important item in this section is citizenship. Many Canadian don’t realize this, but parts of your estate can trigger tax consequences if you are a citizen of another country. This typically applies to U.S. citizens, since the U.S. taxes based on citizenship; while most other countries tax based on residency.
Perhaps the biggest issue for U.S. citizens is home ownership. As discussed in this blog post, the U.S. has a $250,000 or $500,000 principal residence exemption, depending upon your marital and citizenship status. The fact that a tax-free home sale in Canada can result in taxes in the U.S. is often very shocking to Canadians filing U.S. tax returns.
Your U.S. citizenship can trigger many other tax consequences — such as U.S. estate tax —based on differing laws south of the border. And of course, U.S. tax compliance should begin well before estate planning makes an appearance in your life. If you are a U.S. citizen or green card holder, you should be filing U.S. tax returns. If you are not filing, you should seek U.S. tax advice.
If you are a citizen of another country, you may want to determine if citizenship in that country would have any income tax consequences upon your passing.
If you already have a will, you should review it to determine if there have been any significant life events since you last updated it. In addition, you will want to ensure all your beneficiary designations (RRSP and TFSA, for example) agree to your will and are up to date. Many people have inadvertently left significant assets to ex-spouses by not updating their designations.
There have been substantial changes to the tax laws in the last few years, which can affect the tax treatment of trusts created by will and provisions for disabled children. If you have created trusts in your will or have a disabled child, you may want to contact your accountant or lawyer to see if these changes necessitate any change to your will.
Some provinces allow for dual wills, one for assets subject to probate and one for assets not subject to probate. If you live in Ontario and have two wills, a recent case (Milne Estate, 2018 ONSC 4174) may have nullified the benefit of your will that is not subject to probate. If your lawyer has not contacted you to discuss the impact this case has on your wills, contact them yourself immediately.
News Flash: the Milne decision was overturned last Thursday.
Powers of Attorney
Financial Information (p.6)
As noted earlier, you will want to ensure that the beneficiary designations for pension plans and registered plans are in line with your will and your intentions. Often these designations are out of date.
After completing the Financial Information: Liabilities section of the organizer, review and ensure you have enough insurance (see discussion below) or liquid assets to pay off any of these liabilities should you pass away. You may also wish to assess whether this is a good time to have a financial or retirement plan prepared or updated.
Insurance Information (p.11)
After completing this section, sit back and consider these three things:
1. Do you have any unnecessary insurance policies you purchased long ago and never cancelled?
2. Do you have enough insurance based on how much you spend annually, the debt you hold and significant funding expenses you still need to incur, such as tuition for your children?
3. If you have significant funds in your corporation (especially if you will have excess funds in your corporation you will not need in retirement), have you considered purchasing a corporate-funded insurance policy?
Employment Information(p.13)
Some issues to consider is this section are:
Ensure that you detail any stock options, deferred stock units, deferred profit-sharing plans or any other of these more complex plans. Heirs often face confusion with these plans when someone passes away, so the more clarity you can provide (e.g., dates, units, tax cost basis, purchase price), the easier it will be for your family to deal with these plans.
Most employers are very good at assisting the family after the death of a loved one, but you will put your family in the best position possible by providing as many details as you can.
Income Details (p.14)
Some issues to consider in this section are:
1. Are you taking advantage of all income splitting opportunities? You should review this with your accountant, especially given the implementation of the Tax on Split Income (TOSI) rules.
2. Consider if your investment returns are in line with your expectations and whether you even know what your returns are. See this blog post for a discussion of this topic and some useful links.
Real Estate (p.15)
Prepare a free-form schedule that should include the following at a minimum:
1. A notation of the year you last claimed the principal residence exemption (PRE) on the sale of your home. This will allow your executor and estate to tax plan upon death or going forward in respect of future PRE claims if you have, say, a house and cottage. See this blog post for the new reporting rules on PRE claims.
2. If you elected in 1994 to crystalize $100,000 of capital gains on property you still hold, attach a copy of your 1994 form T664 to this document. The government allowed one final election to utilize your capital gains exemption before phasing out the exemption on real estate and marketable securities in 1994.
Note: Qualified small business corporations (QSBCs) continue to be eligible for the capital gains exemption — see this blog post for details.
Financial Advisors (p.16)
Executors (p.17)
You should review your executor appointments to ensure they are the correct people for the job.
If you have not informed your executors they have been named, you should inform them. You may want to inform the executor that you have completed the organizer so that they will know it exists and where they can find it.
If you do not have someone you can name as an executor or there is possible family conflict, consider naming an institution as an executor.
Digital Information (p.18)
If you have digital assets of value (e.g., cryptocurrency, websites), ensure you have obtained tax and legal advice and have considered them in your will. See this blog post on the topic from estate lawyer Katy Basi.
Katy also guest posted this excellent piece on a 21st century issue: how to deal with reproductive assets in your will.
Funeral Arrangements (p.19)
This is truly a morbid topic, but ensure someone is aware of any pre-paid or funeral wishes.
Final Comments
This estate organizer is one heck of a homework assignment. But it is one of the most selfless things you can do for your family, especially if you have significant assets or complex financial affairs.
Not to be morbid, but since Roma Luciw of The Globe and Mail has called me “morbid Mark,” I reiterate once again: if you do not communicate and document your financial affairs for your family or executors, you at best leave your family a messy estate at a time of distress and at worst cost your estate and family thousands of dollars.
Today I will walk you through completing the Organizer and some of the important issues that arise in completing the document.
Today I will walk you through completing the Organizer and some of the important issues that arise in completing the document.
Key Tips in Using the Organizer
Family Information (p.2)
The most important item in this section is citizenship. Many Canadian don’t realize this, but parts of your estate can trigger tax consequences if you are a citizen of another country. This typically applies to U.S. citizens, since the U.S. taxes based on citizenship; while most other countries tax based on residency.
Perhaps the biggest issue for U.S. citizens is home ownership. As discussed in this blog post, the U.S. has a $250,000 or $500,000 principal residence exemption, depending upon your marital and citizenship status. The fact that a tax-free home sale in Canada can result in taxes in the U.S. is often very shocking to Canadians filing U.S. tax returns.
Your U.S. citizenship can trigger many other tax consequences — such as U.S. estate tax —based on differing laws south of the border. And of course, U.S. tax compliance should begin well before estate planning makes an appearance in your life. If you are a U.S. citizen or green card holder, you should be filing U.S. tax returns. If you are not filing, you should seek U.S. tax advice.
If you are a citizen of another country, you may want to determine if citizenship in that country would have any income tax consequences upon your passing.
In addition, depending upon the politics of your home country and your children’s familiarity with that country, you may wish to sell your foreign assets as you age to simplify your estate.
Important Documents (p.5)
My Will
If you do not have a will, it's time to have one drafted. As discussed in this blog post, 65% of Canadians do not even have a will and 12% of wills are outdated. Yes, your read that correctly: only 3 of 10 Canadians have an up-to-date will.
Important Documents (p.5)
My Will
If you do not have a will, it's time to have one drafted. As discussed in this blog post, 65% of Canadians do not even have a will and 12% of wills are outdated. Yes, your read that correctly: only 3 of 10 Canadians have an up-to-date will.
If you already have a will, you should review it to determine if there have been any significant life events since you last updated it. In addition, you will want to ensure all your beneficiary designations (RRSP and TFSA, for example) agree to your will and are up to date. Many people have inadvertently left significant assets to ex-spouses by not updating their designations.
There have been substantial changes to the tax laws in the last few years, which can affect the tax treatment of trusts created by will and provisions for disabled children. If you have created trusts in your will or have a disabled child, you may want to contact your accountant or lawyer to see if these changes necessitate any change to your will.
Some provinces allow for dual wills, one for assets subject to probate and one for assets not subject to probate. If you live in Ontario and have two wills, a recent case (Milne Estate, 2018 ONSC 4174) may have nullified the benefit of your will that is not subject to probate. If your lawyer has not contacted you to discuss the impact this case has on your wills, contact them yourself immediately.
News Flash: the Milne decision was overturned last Thursday.
Powers of Attorney
You should have two powers of attorney (POAs), one for your financial affairs and one for your health care.
POA’s for health care have evolved over the last few years for such matters as heroic measures and even assisted-death provisions. You may want to consider updating this document depending upon your personal and religious views on these issues.
POA’s for health care have evolved over the last few years for such matters as heroic measures and even assisted-death provisions. You may want to consider updating this document depending upon your personal and religious views on these issues.
Financial Information (p.6)
As noted earlier, you will want to ensure that the beneficiary designations for pension plans and registered plans are in line with your will and your intentions. Often these designations are out of date.
After completing the Financial Information: Liabilities section of the organizer, review and ensure you have enough insurance (see discussion below) or liquid assets to pay off any of these liabilities should you pass away. You may also wish to assess whether this is a good time to have a financial or retirement plan prepared or updated.
Insurance Information (p.11)
After completing this section, sit back and consider these three things:
1. Do you have any unnecessary insurance policies you purchased long ago and never cancelled?
2. Do you have enough insurance based on how much you spend annually, the debt you hold and significant funding expenses you still need to incur, such as tuition for your children?
3. If you have significant funds in your corporation (especially if you will have excess funds in your corporation you will not need in retirement), have you considered purchasing a corporate-funded insurance policy?
Employment Information(p.13)
Some issues to consider is this section are:
Ensure that you detail any stock options, deferred stock units, deferred profit-sharing plans or any other of these more complex plans. Heirs often face confusion with these plans when someone passes away, so the more clarity you can provide (e.g., dates, units, tax cost basis, purchase price), the easier it will be for your family to deal with these plans.
Most employers are very good at assisting the family after the death of a loved one, but you will put your family in the best position possible by providing as many details as you can.
Income Details (p.14)
Some issues to consider in this section are:
1. Are you taking advantage of all income splitting opportunities? You should review this with your accountant, especially given the implementation of the Tax on Split Income (TOSI) rules.
2. Consider if your investment returns are in line with your expectations and whether you even know what your returns are. See this blog post for a discussion of this topic and some useful links.
Real Estate (p.15)
Prepare a free-form schedule that should include the following at a minimum:
1. A notation of the year you last claimed the principal residence exemption (PRE) on the sale of your home. This will allow your executor and estate to tax plan upon death or going forward in respect of future PRE claims if you have, say, a house and cottage. See this blog post for the new reporting rules on PRE claims.
2. If you elected in 1994 to crystalize $100,000 of capital gains on property you still hold, attach a copy of your 1994 form T664 to this document. The government allowed one final election to utilize your capital gains exemption before phasing out the exemption on real estate and marketable securities in 1994.
Note: Qualified small business corporations (QSBCs) continue to be eligible for the capital gains exemption — see this blog post for details.
Financial Advisors (p.16)
Ensure you have introduced your spouse or significant other to all your financial advisors. It is much easier for a surviving spouse to deal with the aftermath of a passing when they already have a level of comfort with the advisors they will have to deal with.
Executors (p.17)
You should review your executor appointments to ensure they are the correct people for the job.
If you have not informed your executors they have been named, you should inform them. You may want to inform the executor that you have completed the organizer so that they will know it exists and where they can find it.
If you do not have someone you can name as an executor or there is possible family conflict, consider naming an institution as an executor.
Digital Information (p.18)
If you have digital assets of value (e.g., cryptocurrency, websites), ensure you have obtained tax and legal advice and have considered them in your will. See this blog post on the topic from estate lawyer Katy Basi.
Katy also guest posted this excellent piece on a 21st century issue: how to deal with reproductive assets in your will.
Funeral Arrangements (p.19)
This is truly a morbid topic, but ensure someone is aware of any pre-paid or funeral wishes.
Final Comments
This estate organizer is one heck of a homework assignment. But it is one of the most selfless things you can do for your family, especially if you have significant assets or complex financial affairs.
The content on this blog has been carefully prepared, but it has been
written in general terms and should be seen as broad guidance only. The
blog cannot be relied upon to cover specific situations and you should
not act, or refrain from acting, upon the information contained therein
without obtaining specific professional advice. Please contact BDO
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information on this blog or for any decision based on it.
Please note the blog posts are time sensitive and subject to changes in legislation.
BDO Canada LLP, a Canadian limited liability partnership, is a member of BDO International Limited, a UK company limited by guarantee, and forms part of the international BDO network of independent member firms. BDO is the brand name for the BDO network and for each of the BDO Member Firms.
Please note the blog posts are time sensitive and subject to changes in legislation.
BDO Canada LLP, a Canadian limited liability partnership, is a member of BDO International Limited, a UK company limited by guarantee, and forms part of the international BDO network of independent member firms. BDO is the brand name for the BDO network and for each of the BDO Member Firms.