Last year, I asked you, my readers, for some topics you would like me to write about. One
reader suggested I discuss the subject of the capital gains reserve and tax
planning around the reserve. As they say, better late than never. Today I will
discuss the machinations of the capital gains reserve and some planning,
especially in respect of the sale of a cottage to other family members.
The reader, who asked the question, stated that his 65 year-old spouse was going to sell a rental property and wondered if it made income tax sense to transfer half the property to their son before the sale. I will address that question later in the post.
The Income Tax Act ("The Act") contains a provision [subparagraph 40(1)(a)(iii)] that allows you in general, to claim a capital gains reserve where all of the proceeds from a sale of capital property (typically real estate or shares in a corporation) will be not be received in the year of sale. To make a claim you must file form T2017 – Summary of Reserves on Dispositions of Capital Property with your income tax return.
The Act states that at least one-fifth of the capital gain must be reported in the year of sale and each of the following four years (where the gain arose because of a transfer to your children of certain farm property, fishing property or shares of an Small Business Corporation, you typically can claim a ten year reserve).
Thus, the maximum reserve for each year is as follows:
Year of sale - 80%
2nd Year - 60%
3rd Year - 40%
4th Year - 20%
5th Year – nil
I say maximum, because the reserve is calculated each year based on the following formula:
The lesser of:
a) capital gain x amount payable after the end of the year / total proceeds of disposition
b) One-fifth of the total capital gain x 4 minus the number of preceding taxation years ending after the disposition
For example. If you sold your rental property for $1,000,000 and had a capital gain of $540,000 and you receive $400,000 upfront and will be paid a $150,000 for the next four years, your reserve would be as follows:
Year 1 – lesser of:
a) $324,000 ($540,000 x $600,000/$1,000,000)
b) $ 432,000 (4/5 x $540,000)
Thus, the reserve would be $324,000 for year one and you would report a capital gain of $216,000 ($540,000-$324,000)
Year 2 – lesser of:
a) $243,000 ($540,000 x $450,000/$1,000,000)
b) $324,000 (3/5 x $540,000)
Thus, the reserve would be $243,000 for year two and you would report a capital gain of $81,000 ($324,000 yr. 1 reserve -$243,000 yr. 2 reserve).
I mentioned earlier that the reader had asked about whether his wife should gift the property to her son before the sale to reduce the family income tax bill. Unfortunately, as I have discussed several times on the blog, transfers of property to family members result in a deemed disposition (sale) at the property’s fair market value (if the transfer is to your spouse, there is an automatic tax-free transfer unless you file an election opting out of the automatic rollover). So if the reader’s wife was selling her property for a $1,000,000 and transferred it to her son before the sale, she would be deemed to have sold the property for $1,000,000; the same consequence as if sold to an arm’s length buyer.
What the reader's wife and anyone selling a property where the proceeds are paid over time need to understand is that you must ensure you leave yourself with enough funds to pay the income tax liability (i.e. the 1/5 required gain each year). That is typically not an issue; however, if you have a long term of repayment, say 10 or more years, this can become problematic. Therefore, for both business and income tax purposes, you will typically want full payment of your proceeds within five years.
Cottages
One of the most challenging assets to tax plan for is a family cottage. I wrote a three-part series on this topic, which you can find under my favourite posts on the right hand side of this page, under the topic, "Family Cottage".
Where you wish to sell your cottage to your children, you may want to consider allowing them at least five years to repay the purchase price and tailor the purchase terms to the capital gains reserve.
If you plan to gift the cottage to your children, you will have a deemed disposition at the cottages fair market value as discussed above and you will have to report the capital gain and pay the related tax in the year of gift. Consideration should be giving to selling the cottage to your children for promissory notes which you may or may not forgive in your will. However, by selling, subject to advice by your accountant, you may be able to utilize the capital gains reserve to defer the tax on the gain for up to five years. [If your child is married, you should consult a family law lawyer before gifting or selling property to your child].
You may find it useful to review the CRA’s T4037 Capital Gains Guide
You should always obtain professional advice before the sale of any property; especially one is which you hope to use the capital gains reserve, as the legislation is complex. However, when used properly, the reserve can smooth your income tax liability over as many as five years.
The reader, who asked the question, stated that his 65 year-old spouse was going to sell a rental property and wondered if it made income tax sense to transfer half the property to their son before the sale. I will address that question later in the post.
What is the Capital Gains Reserve?
The Income Tax Act ("The Act") contains a provision [subparagraph 40(1)(a)(iii)] that allows you in general, to claim a capital gains reserve where all of the proceeds from a sale of capital property (typically real estate or shares in a corporation) will be not be received in the year of sale. To make a claim you must file form T2017 – Summary of Reserves on Dispositions of Capital Property with your income tax return.
The Act states that at least one-fifth of the capital gain must be reported in the year of sale and each of the following four years (where the gain arose because of a transfer to your children of certain farm property, fishing property or shares of an Small Business Corporation, you typically can claim a ten year reserve).
Thus, the maximum reserve for each year is as follows:
Year of sale - 80%
2nd Year - 60%
3rd Year - 40%
4th Year - 20%
5th Year – nil
I say maximum, because the reserve is calculated each year based on the following formula:
The lesser of:
a) capital gain x amount payable after the end of the year / total proceeds of disposition
b) One-fifth of the total capital gain x 4 minus the number of preceding taxation years ending after the disposition
For example. If you sold your rental property for $1,000,000 and had a capital gain of $540,000 and you receive $400,000 upfront and will be paid a $150,000 for the next four years, your reserve would be as follows:
Year 1 – lesser of:
a) $324,000 ($540,000 x $600,000/$1,000,000)
b) $ 432,000 (4/5 x $540,000)
Thus, the reserve would be $324,000 for year one and you would report a capital gain of $216,000 ($540,000-$324,000)
Year 2 – lesser of:
a) $243,000 ($540,000 x $450,000/$1,000,000)
b) $324,000 (3/5 x $540,000)
Thus, the reserve would be $243,000 for year two and you would report a capital gain of $81,000 ($324,000 yr. 1 reserve -$243,000 yr. 2 reserve).
Strategies and Considerations for Using the Capital Gains Reserve
Family Transfers
I mentioned earlier that the reader had asked about whether his wife should gift the property to her son before the sale to reduce the family income tax bill. Unfortunately, as I have discussed several times on the blog, transfers of property to family members result in a deemed disposition (sale) at the property’s fair market value (if the transfer is to your spouse, there is an automatic tax-free transfer unless you file an election opting out of the automatic rollover). So if the reader’s wife was selling her property for a $1,000,000 and transferred it to her son before the sale, she would be deemed to have sold the property for $1,000,000; the same consequence as if sold to an arm’s length buyer.
Timing of Repayment
What the reader's wife and anyone selling a property where the proceeds are paid over time need to understand is that you must ensure you leave yourself with enough funds to pay the income tax liability (i.e. the 1/5 required gain each year). That is typically not an issue; however, if you have a long term of repayment, say 10 or more years, this can become problematic. Therefore, for both business and income tax purposes, you will typically want full payment of your proceeds within five years.
Cottages
One of the most challenging assets to tax plan for is a family cottage. I wrote a three-part series on this topic, which you can find under my favourite posts on the right hand side of this page, under the topic, "Family Cottage".
Where you wish to sell your cottage to your children, you may want to consider allowing them at least five years to repay the purchase price and tailor the purchase terms to the capital gains reserve.
If you plan to gift the cottage to your children, you will have a deemed disposition at the cottages fair market value as discussed above and you will have to report the capital gain and pay the related tax in the year of gift. Consideration should be giving to selling the cottage to your children for promissory notes which you may or may not forgive in your will. However, by selling, subject to advice by your accountant, you may be able to utilize the capital gains reserve to defer the tax on the gain for up to five years. [If your child is married, you should consult a family law lawyer before gifting or selling property to your child].
Capital Gains Guide
You may find it useful to review the CRA’s T4037 Capital Gains Guide
You should always obtain professional advice before the sale of any property; especially one is which you hope to use the capital gains reserve, as the legislation is complex. However, when used properly, the reserve can smooth your income tax liability over as many as five years.
This site provides general information on various tax issues
and other matters. The information is not intended to constitute professional
advice and may not be appropriate for a specific individual or fact situation.
It is written by the author solely in their personal capacity and cannot be
attributed to the accounting firm with which they are affiliated. It is not intended to constitute professional
advice, and neither the author nor the firm with which the author is associated
shall accept any liability in respect of any reliance on the information
contained herein. Readers should always consult with their professional advisors in respect of their particular
situation. Please note the blog post is time sensitive and subject to
changes in legislation or law.
Thank you for such a clear description of Capital Gains Reserve.
ReplyDeleteAt the moment I am reading your book,"Let's Get Blunt About Your Financial Affairs". I appreciate you sharing your knowledge and time to help educate the masses about topics that effect everyone. I look forward to your email blog. I must admit some of the topics are way over my head but still interesting.
Thanks goes to your wife and family who keep you grounded in simply language and are kind enough allow time away from them to blog.
Hi Lucille
DeleteThx for reading the book and the blog, my wife will be happy to hear she is appreciated for her plain English efforts. I try to make my blogs readable, but some topics are just fairly complex.
Hi Mark - Great post. Is there some way to "gift" the cottage or rental property to your children and claim the capital gains reserve to spread out the gain over 5 years vs all in the year of gifting? ie, even though there will be no actual $ paid to the parents, can the reserve still be claimed?
ReplyDeleteHi Anon
DeleteThx. Below is a good article on your question. However, I would get tax advice from an accountant before undertaking the transaction if you wish to use the reserve.
http://www.dynamic.ca/eng/learning/Personal-Finances/Family-Give-The-Kids-The-Cottage-Now.investor.html
Great article - Thank you!!
DeleteHi and thanks for the advise. My scenario is: We are considering taking advantage of the prescribed rate loan of 1% until March 31, 2018 where I will enter into a sale agreement and promissory note agreement with my wife to acquire her shares. She now uses the Capital Gains Reserve to spread out the capital gains on the stocks. My question is after a share price is set and I acquire the stocks through the sale agreement do I have to sell them immediately on the open stock market or can I take my time, understanding that all future Capital Gains will be attributed to me.
ReplyDeleteSorry Joseph, I don't provide personal tax planning advice on this blog. Ask your accountant or engage one for a consultation.
DeleteHi Mark,
ReplyDeleteI was browsing Google and found your article about CC Reserve. Quite interesting. I have a situation and would greatly appreciate your view.
I own a rental property since few years. I would like to sell it to my Son on FMV. He will use it as his primary home (he is also a first time home buyer).
If my son has to take a mortgage from a bank, does this hinders me claiming capital gains reserve? In other words, do banks accept to lend him money over a period of five years to feed the proceeds into the capital gains formula, on per year basis? Otherwise, how does a bank mortgage and capital gains reserve correlate with each other??
Kind regards
Pierre
Hi Pierre, I don't provide specific tax planning advice on this blog, so will not address your planning with your son. What I will tell you is the reserve is based on proceeds owing to you and have no correlation to the mortgage of the purchaser.
Delete